Gain scaling for higher signal-to-noise ratios in multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulators

ABSTRACT

Gain scaling of multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulators for higher signal-to-noise ratios. In a multistage delta sigma modulator having a modulator stage with an integrator, a multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit digital-to-analog converter, the multi-bit quantizer is companded to cause a feedback signal, produced by the multi-bit digital-to-analog converter, to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by the multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one. A second gain, of the integrator, is reduced so that an overall gain of the modulator stage remains equal to one. A third gain, of a stability correction gain element connected to an input of the modulator stage, is increased so that a swing of the integrated signal remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement the integrator, and the multistage delta sigma modulator can realize the higher signal-to-noise ratio.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/261,224, filed Jan. 12, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to gain scaling of multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulators for higher signal-to-noise ratios.

[0004] 2. Background Art

[0005] Commercialization of the Internet has proven to be a mainspring for incentives to improve network technologies. Development programs have pursued various approaches including strategies to leverage use of the existing Public Switched Telephone Network and plans to expand use of wireless technologies for networking applications. Both of these approaches (and others) entail the conversion of data between analog and digital formats. Therefore, it is expected that analog-to-digital converters (ADCS) and digital-to-analog converters (D)ACs) will continue to perform critical functions in many network applications.

[0006]FIG. 1 shows a process for converting an analog signal “x[n]” 102 to a digital signal “z[n]” 104 using an exemplary ADC 106. ADC 106 receives analog signal x[n] 102 and produces digital signal z[n] 104. Analog signal x[n] 102 comprises variations of a parameter (e.g., voltage) continuously with time. The variations in the parameter of analog signal x[n] 102 are maintained within a range between a lower value “LOW” 108 and a higher value “HIGH” 110. This is referred to as the “swing” of analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, analog signal x[n] 102 is characterized by a carrier frequency. Digital signal z[n] 104 comprises a sequence of discrete quantized values that, over time, tracks the parameter variations of analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, the quantized values of digital signal z[n] 104 are represented by binary numbers. A maximum value “MAX” 112 is defined by the number of different quantized values that can be produced by ADC 106.

[0007]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of ADC 106. ADC 106 comprises a sampling functional component 202 and a quantization functional component 204. Sampling functional component 202 records, at a sampling frequency, discrete values of analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, the sampling frequency is greater than or equal to the Nyquist frequency, which is twice the carrier frequency of analog signal x[n] 102. Quantization functional component 204 assigns a quantized value to represent each discrete sampled value, thereby producing digital signal z[n] 104.

[0008] The difference between digital signal z[n] 104 and analog signal x[n] 102 is referred to as quantization error e[n]. Ideally, there is a direct relationship between the values of analog signal x[n] 102 and digital signal z[n] 104 at corresponding points in time. In reality, the use of a limited number of quantized values for digital signal z[n] 104 dictates that, in some instances, values of analog signal x[n] 102 must be approximated. It is desirable to minimize quantization error e[n], which is an unwanted byproduct of the quantization process.

[0009]FIG. 3 illustrates the process within quantization functional component 204. The range of parameter variations of analog signal x[n] 102 is divided into a number of equal-sized subranges. The number of equal-sized subranges is defined by the value of MAX 112. If, for example, MAX 112 equals four, then the range of parameter variations of analog signal x[n] 102 is divided into four subranges, each measuring one-quarter of the range between LOW 108 and HIGH 110. A subrange “A” 302 extends from LOW 108 to a value at a point “Q1” 304. A subrange “B” 306 extends from Q1 304 to a value at a point “Q2” 308. A subrange “C” 310 extends from Q2 308 to a value at a point “Q3” 312. A subrange “D” 314 extends from Q3 312 to HIGH 110.

[0010] Both analog signal x[n] 102 and digital signal z[n] 104 are usually biased by specific values that can obscure the underlying relationship between the two signals. This relationship is more readily explained when analog signal x[n] 102 is understood to be centered at a point measuring one-half of the range between LOW 108 and HIGH 110. In the present example, this point is Q2 308. By translating the actual value of Q2 308 to zero and the remaining points in analog signal x[n] 102 accordingly, the bias value is removed from analog signal x[n] 102. Therefore, quantized values derived from this translated analog signal x[n] 102 correspond to digital signal z[n] 104 with its bias value removed.

[0011] To minimize quantization error e[n], a quantized value is located in each subrange at a point measuring one-half of the subrange. Each quantized value can be represented by a binary number. For example, a first quantized value “a”16, represented by binary number zero, is located at the midpoint of subrange A 302. A second quantized value “b”318, represented by binary number one, is located at the midpoint of subrange B 306. A third quantized value “c”320, represented by binary number two, is located at the midpoint of subrange C 310. A fourth quantized value “d”322, represented by binary number three, is located at the midpoint of subrange D 314.

[0012] The number of subranges determines the degree of resolution of ADC 106. Degree of resolution is typically expressed as the number of binary digits (i.e., bits) in the quantized values that can be produced by ADC 106. ADC 106 is characterized by its sampling frequency and its degree of resolution. The ability of ADC 106 to digitize analog signal x[n] 102 faithfully is a direct function of both of these. As the sampling frequency is increased, analog signal x[n] 102 is sampled at more points in time. As the degree of resolution is refined, the differences between digital signal z[n] 104 and analog signal x[n] 102 are minimized.

[0013]FIG. 4 is a graph 400 of bias-free values of digital signal z[n] 104 as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102. A dashed line 402 represents the ideal direct relationship between the values of analog signal x[n] 102 and digital signal z[n] 104. The slope of dashed line 402 corresponds to the gain of ADC 106. A shaded portion 404 between graph 400 and dashed line 402 corresponds to quantization error e[n]. The same error pattern applies to each subrange. The measure of each subrange is referred to as the measure of a Least Significant Bit (LSB).

[0014] Statistical methods are often used to analyze quantization error e[n]. FIG. 5 is a graph 500 of a probability density “P(p)” 502 of a subrange of digital signal z[n] 104 as a function of the parameter “p” 504 of analog signal x[n] 102. Probability density P(p) 502 is centered at the midpoint of the subrange (i.e., at a 316, b 318, c 320, or d 322). Probability density P(p) 502 corresponds to quantization error e[n]. Probability density P(p) 502 shows that digital signal z[n] 104 has the same value throughout the subrange, where the subrange extends on either side of its midpoint for a measure equal to one-half of the LSB. The constant value of digital signal z[n] 104 within each subrange and its relation ship to quantization error e[n] is also shown by graph 400.

[0015] Further analysis of quantization error e[n] is often performed in the frequency domain. FIG. 6 is a graph 600 of probability density P(p) 502 in the frequency domain. Graph 600 shows an “absolute value of p” 602 as a function of frequency “freq” 604. In the frequency domain, quantization error e[n] is recast as quantization noise n[n]. Quantization noise n[n] has a constant value for all frequencies. This is referred to as “white noise.” The white noise of ADC 106 is directly proportional to the measure of the LSB and indirectly proportional to the square root of the sampling frequency. Thus, quantization noise n[n] (and, by transformation, quantization error e[n]) can be minimized by increasing sampling frequency or decreasing the measure of the LSB. The measure of the LSB can be reduced by increasing the number of subranges into which the range of analog signal x[n] 102 is divided (i.e., increasing the number of bits that can be produced by ADC 106).

[0016] Because ADCs find uses in a wide variety of applications, design of these circuits has evolved along many paths to yield several distinct architectures, including “flash,” “pipelined,” “successive approximation,” and “delta sigma.” These designs are well known to those skilled in the art and their functional components vary in some respects from those of exemplary ADC 106. Each architecture has its benefits and drawbacks. Paramount among these is a tradeoff between bandwidth and degree of resolution. FIG. 7 is a graph 700 that shows the tradeoff between bandwidth and degree of resolution for the various ADC architectures. Graph 700 comprises a “degree of resolution” axis 702 and a “bandwidth” axis 704. The relative positions of the different ADC architectures are plotted with respect to axes 702, 704: a “flash” region 706, a “pipelined” region 708, a “successive approximation” region 710, and a “delta sigma” region 712.

[0017] In the design of network technologies, data conversion has often presented itself as a bottleneck that impedes the rate at which information is transmitted. Traditionally, those ADC architectures that can support large bandwidths for rapid transfers of data have been favored for network applications. Because much of the circuitry of a delta sigma ADC architecture is analog, its bandwidth is limited by the processing speed of its analog circuits.

[0018] However, emerging applications, such as full-motion video and voice over Internet, require high resolution data conversion. Fortunately, improvements in the methods of fabricating integrated electronic circuits have increased not only the processing speed and number of devices, but also the variety of devices (such as linear capacitors) that can be fabricated on a given area of substrate material. Delta sigma ADCs have benefited from these developments, which have facilitated the use of delta sigma ADCs in network applications.

[0019]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a first-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma ADC 800. ADC 800 comprises a first-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 802 and a digital decimator 804 connected at a node “No” 806 along a signal path 808. Modulator 802 comprises a summing node “Σ₀” 810, an integrator 812, a single-bit quantizer 814, and a DAC 816. Summing node Σ₀ 810, integrator 812, and quantizer 814 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. Integrator 812 has a gain “a₁”. Gain a₁ is determined empirically and is set to a value such that modulator 802 functions with stability to process analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, gain a₁ has a value between zero and one. DAC 816 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between node N₀ 806 and summing node Σ₀ 810. Decimator 804 comprises a lowpass digital filter 818 and a downsampler 820 connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by ADC 800, at an input 822, and converted into digital signal z[n] 104, produced at an output 824.

[0020] Initially, analog signal x[n] 102 passes through summing node Σ₀ 810 and is sampled by integrator 812. Integrator 812 integrates analog signal x[n] 102 over a given period of time to produce an integrated signal “v[n]” 826. Integrated signal v[n] 826 is transmitted to single-bit quantizer 814. Single-bit quantizer 814 rounds integrated signal v[n] 826 to the closest of two preset levels (i.e., a single bit) to produce a quantized signal “y[n]” 828. To minimize the difference between quantized signal y[n] 828 and analog signal x[n] 102, quantized signal y[n] 824 is transmitted to DAC 816 and converted to produce an analog feedback signal “fbk[n]” 830, which is fed back to summing node Σ₀ 810. Quantizer 814 and DAC 816 have a combined gain “k₁” defined as shown in Eq. (1):

k₁≡fbk [n]/[n],   Eq. (1)

[0021] where both analog feedback signal fbk[n] 830 and integrated signal v[n] 826 are analog signals.

[0022] At summing node Σ₀ 810, analog feedback signal fbk[n] 830 is subtracted from analog signal x[n] 102 to produce an analog difference signal “u[n]” 832. Analog difference signal u[n] 832 passes into integrator 812 to repeat the process described above. Essentially, integrator 812 integrates the difference between quantized signal y[n] 828 and analog signal x[n] 102. Over a large number of samples, integrator 812 forces this difference to approach zero. Thus, analog signal x[n] 102 is received by modulator 802, at input 822, and converted into quantized signal y[n] 828, produced at node No 806. Input 822 is an input and node N. 806 is an output of modulator 802.

[0023]FIG. 9 is a graph 900 of bias-free values of quantized signal y[n] 828, produced by single-bit quantizer 814, as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102. With analog signal x[n] 102 centered at a point measuring one-half of the range between LOW 108 and HIGH 110 (e.g., point Q2 308 from the example above), quantizer 814 divides analog signal x[n] 102 into two subranges. Quantizer 814 assigns a lower value “LOWER” 902 to those values of analog signal x[n] that are less than the midpoint (e.g., Q2 308) value, and a higher value “HIGHER” 904 to those values of analog signal x[n] that are greater than the midpoint (e.g., Q2 308) value. Typically, LOWER 902 is the lowest quantized value and HIGHER 904 is the highest quantized value that can be produced by quantizer 814.

[0024] Returning to FIG. 8, quantized signal y[n] 828 from modulator 802 comprises a stream of quantized values. Each quantized value is either LOWER 902 or HIGHER 904 (i.e., a single bit of resolution). Typically, this stream is produced at a modulator frequency that is several times greater than the carrier frequency of analog signal x[n] 102. The ratio of the modulator frequency to the Nyquist frequency is referred to as the oversampling ratio (OSR).

[0025] Decimator 804 acts to lowpass filter and downsample quantized signal y[n] 824. Quantized signal y[n] 828 is transmitted to lowpass digital filter 818, which performs a sophisticated form of averaging on the data stream to produce a high resolution signal “w[n]” 834. A maximum value “MAXIMUM” is defined by the number of different quantized values that can be produced by filter 818. High resolution signal w[n] 834 also comprises a stream of quantized values. However, each quantized value can be any of the different quantized values (i.e., multiple bits of resolution) that can be produced by filter 818.

[0026] High resolution signal w[n] 834 emerges from filter 818 at a frequency too high for subsequent digital signal processing. High resolution signal w[n] 834 is transmitted to downsampler 820, which resamples high resolution signal w[n] 834 to produce digital signal z[n] 104. Digital signal z[n] 104 enjoys the same high resolution as high resolution signal w[n] 834, but at a digital processing frequency. Typically, the digital processing frequency is greater than or equal to the Nyquist frequency. Thus, quantized signal y[n] 828 is received by decimator 804, at node N₀ 806, and converted into digital signal z[n] 104, produced at output 824. Node N₀ 806 is an input and output 824 is an output of decimator 804.

[0027] The usefulness of the high resolution of ADC 800 turns on its ability to minimize quantization noise n, which is an unwanted byproduct of the quantization process. Fortunately, it is a feature of modulator 802 that it acts as a highpass filter for quantization noise n, much of which can be removed by lowpass digital filter 818. This capability is more readily explained by analyzing modulator 802 in the frequency domain.

[0028]FIG. 10 is a block diagram of first-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 802 recast as a frequency domain model 1000 for a continuous time implementation. In model 1000, integrator 812 is replaced by an analog filter 1002 with gain a₁, single-bit quantizer 814 is replaced by a gain element 1004 connected in series with a second summing node “Σ₁” 1006. (First summing node So 810 remains a component of model 1000.) A quantization noise “n” 1008 is added at second summing node Σ₁ 1006. DAC 816 is replaced by a parallel connection “L₀” 1010 between node N₀ 806 and summing node Σ₀ 810. Combined gain k₁ of quantizer 814 and DAC 816 is realized by assigning gain k₁ to gain element 1004 and a gain of one to L₀ 1010.

[0029] In model 1000, analog signal x 102 initially passes through summing node Σ₀ 810 and into analog filter 1002. Analog filter 1002 has a transfer function with an amplitude that is inversely proportional to a frequency “f” of analog signal x 102 as shown in Eq. (2 ):

v=a₁u/f.   Eq. (2)

[0030] Single-bit quantizer 814 is modeled as gain element 1004 connected in series with second summing node Σ₁ 1006 to reflect the concept of treating quantization noise n 1008 as an unwanted byproduct of the quantization process. A transfer function of single-bit quantizer 814 can be expressed as shown in Eq. (3):

y=vk₁+n.  Eq. (3)

[0031] In reality, both gain k₁ and quantization noise n 1008 are unknown. Because single-bit quantizer 814 does not produce any quantized values that are in between LOWER 902 and HIGHER 904 (its lowest and highest quantized values), gain k₁ is essentially indeterminate. However, for analysis purposes, it is desirable to model quantization noise n 1008 as white noise and to set an overall gain of modulator 802, the product of gain a₁ and gain k₁, equal to one. Both of these attributes can be realized for analysis purposes by assuming that k₁=1/a₁.

[0032] In modulator 802, the addition of quantization noise n 1008 after integrator 812, but before production of analog feedback signal fbk 830 enables modulator 802 to shape quantization noise n 1008 as a function of frequency f. Quantized signal y 828 as a function of frequency f can be expressed as shown in Eq. (4):

y=[x+nf]/[f+1].  Eq. (4)

[0033] Eq. (4) shows that modulator 802 acts as a highpass filter for quantization noise n 1008. The coupling of modulator 802 with lowpass digital filter 818 of decimator 804 enables ADC 800 to enjoy a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in comparison with other ADC architectures. As a “rule of thumb”, the SNR for ADC 800 improves by 9 dB for every doubling of its OSR.

[0034] SNR is an important figure of merit for ADC performance. Improvements in the methods of fabricating integrated electronic circuits have reduced the size of electron devices. This has enabled ADC 800 to be designed to consume less power. However, reduced power consumption is often realized in part by using lower power supply voltages. Integrator 812 is implemented using an operational amplifier. Because some of the range between supply voltages to an operational amplifier must be consumed to support holding active load devices and current sources in saturation, only the remaining portion of this range is available for the output swing of the operational amplifier. This remaining portion is referred to as the dynamic range of the operational amplifier. So that ADC 800 does not suffer from nonidealities caused by the operational amplifier that implements integrator 812, it is important that the swing of integrated signal x[n] 826 remain within the dynamic range of the operational amplifier.

[0035] Two other important figures of merit for ADC performance are dynamic range (DR) and overload level (OL). DR, which is different from the dynamic range of the operational amplifier used to implement integrator 812, is the maximum SNR achievable for a given ADC topology. Typically, the swing of analog signal x[n] 102 is maintained within a range. Measures of the SNR vary as a function of the measure of this range. OL is the maximum range at which the SNR degrades to 6 dB less than its DR value. FIG. 11 is a graph 1100 of the “SNR” 1102 as a function of a range “r” 1104 of the swing of analog signal x[n] 102. Both SNR 1102 and r 1104 are expressed in decibels. Graph 1100 shows a value “DR” 1106 at the point of maximum SNR 1102 and a value “OL” 1108 at the maximum point of range r 1104 at which SNR degrades to 6 dB less than value DR 1106.

[0036] First order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 802 is a basic design for a sigma delta modulator. Variations to this basic design have been introduced to improve these figures of merit.

[0037]FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a first-order, single-stage, two-bit delta sigma modulator 1200. Modulator 1200 comprises summing node Σ₀ 810, integrator 812, a two-bit quantizer 1202, and a two-bit DAC 1204. Summing node Σ₀ 810, integrator 812, and two-bit quantizer 1202 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. Integrator 812 has a gain “a₂”. Gain a₂ is determined empirically and is set to a value such that modulator 1200 functions with stability to process analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, gain a₂ has a value between zero and one. Two-bit DAC 1204 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between node N₀ 806 and summing node Σ₀ 810. Two-bit quantizer 1202 and a two-bit DAC 1204 have a combined gain “k₂”. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by modulator 1200, at input 822, and converted into a two-bit quantized signal “y, [n]” 1206, produced at node N₀ 806. Input 822 is an input and node No 806 is an output of modulator 1200.

[0038]FIG. 13 is a graph 1300 of bias-free values of two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206, produced by two-bit quantizer 1202, as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102. Two-bit quantizer 1202 divides analog signal x[n] 102 into four subranges. However, by using LOWER 902 and HIGHER 904, two-bit quantizer 1202 only needs to divide two-bit quantized signal y, [n] 1206 into three subranges. Therefore, two-bit quantizer 1202 defines a third value “HIGHER/3” 1302 at a point one-third of the range from HIGHER 904 to LOWER 902, and a fourth value “LOWER/3” 1304 at a point one-third of the range from LOWER 902 to HIGHER 904.

[0039] Because it is desirable that two-bit quantizer 1202 exhibit a similar error pattern to that shown at graph 400 for ADC 106, dashed line 1306 represents the ideal direct relationship between the values of analog signal x[n] 102 and two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206. Therefore, with analog signal x[n] 102 centered at a point measuring one-half of the range between LOW 108 and HIGH 110 (e.g., point Q2 308 from the example above), two-bit quantizer 1202 defines a subrange “E” 1308 that extends from LOW 108 to a point “LOW2/3” 1310 located two-thirds of the range from Q2 308 to LOW 108. A subrange “F” 1312 extends from LOW2/3 1310 to Q2 308. A subrange “G” 1314 extends from Q2 308 to a point “MGH2/3” 1316 located two-thirds of the range from Q2 308 to HIGH 110. A subrange “H” 1318 extends from HIGH2/3 1316 to HIGH 110.

[0040] Two-bit quantizer 1202 assigns LOWER 902 to those values of analog signal x[n] 102 that are between LOW 108 and LOW2/3 1310, LOWER/3 1304 to those values of analog signal x[n] 102 that are between LOW2/3 1310 and Q2 308, 1HGBER/3 1302 to those values of analog signal x[n] 102 that are between Q2 308 and HIGH2/3 1316, and HIGHER 904 to those values of analog signal x[n] 102 that are between HIGH2/3 1316 and HIGH 110.

[0041] Because two-bit quantizer 1202 divides analog signal x[n] 102 into four subranges, the measure of the LSB for two-bit quantizer 1202 is less than the measure of the LSB for quantizer 814. As graph 600 shows white noise to be directly proportional to the measure of the LSB, it follows that quantization noise n 1008 produced by modulator 1200 is less than quantization noise n 1008 produced by modulator 802. A similar analysis can be used to assess other multi-bit delta sigma modulators. As a rule of thumb, the SNR for a delta sigma ADC that incorporates a multi-bit delta sigma modulator improves by 6 dB for each additional bit of resolution beyond the second bit. However, the use of two-bit quantizer 1202 imposes tough demands on the linearity of two-bit DAC 1204, which must be nearly as linear as modulator 1202 as a whole. Multi-bit DACs with such precise linearity cannot be easily fabricated using Very Large Scale Integration technology.

[0042]FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a second-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1400. Modulator 1400 comprises first summing node 10 810, first integrator 812, a second summing node “Σ₂” 1402, a second integrator 1404, single-bit quantizer 814, and DAC 816. First summing node 10 810, first integrator 812, second summing node Σ₂ 1402, second integrator 1404, and quantizer 814 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. First integrator 812 has a gain of “a₃”. Second integrator 1404 has a gain of “a₄”. Gains a₃ and a₄ are determined empirically and are set to values such that modulator 1400 functions with stability to process analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, gains a₃ and a₄ have values between zero and one. DAC 816 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between node No 806 and summing nodes Σ₀ 810 and Σ₂ 1402. Quantizer 814 and DAC 816 have a combined gain k₁. For analysis purposes, k₁=1/a₃a₄. A higher order compensation gain element “2 a ₃” 1406 is connected between DAC 816 and second summing node Σ₂ 1402.

[0043] Higher order compensation gain element 2 a ₃ 1406 has a gain of “2 a ₃”. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by modulator 1400, at input 822, and converted into quantized signal y[n] 828, produced at node No 806. Input 822 is an input and node N₀ 806 is an output of modulator 1400.

[0044] In a continuous time implementation, second integrator 1404 acts as a second highpass filter for quantization noise n 1008. Higher order compensation gain element 2 a ₃ 1406 enables quantized signal y 828 to be expressed strictly as a second order function of frequency f as shown in Eq. (5):

y=[x+nf²]/[f+1]².   Eq. (5)

[0045] Thus, a delta sigma ADC that incorporates modulator 1400 can enjoy a better SNR than ADC 800. As a rule of thumb, the SNR for a delta sigma ADC that incorporates modulator 1400 improves by 15 dB for every doubling of its OSR.

[0046] A similar analysis can be used to assess higher order delta sigma modulators.

[0047] However, empirical studies have shown that, while delta sigma ADCs that incorporate higher order modulators are relatively insensitive to nonidealities in their functional components, the stability of these circuits rapidly deteriorates beyond the second order.

[0048]FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a second-order, two-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1500. Modulator 1500 comprises a first modulator stage 1502, a coupling stage 1504, a second modulator stage 1506, and a noise cancellation logic stage 1508.

[0049] First modulator stage 1502 comprises first summing node S 810, first integrator 812, first single-bit quantizer 814, and first DAC 816. First summing node So 810, first integrator 812, and first quantizer 814 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. First integrator 812 has gain a₁. Gain a₁ is determined empirically and is set to a value such that first modulator stage 1502 functions with stability to process analog signal x[n] 102. Typically, gain a₁ has a value between zero and one. First DAC 816 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between node N₀ 806 and first summing node Σ₀ 810. First quantizer 814 and first DAC 816 have a combined gain k₁. For analysis purposes, k₁=1/a₁. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by first modulator stage 1502, at input 822, and converted into a first modulated signal “y₂[n]” 1510, produced at node N₀ 806. Input 822 is an input and node N₀ 806 is an output of modulator stage 1502.

[0050] Coupling stage 1504 comprises a normalization gain element “1/a₁” 1512, a noise reduction gain element “b₁” 1514, a stability correction gain element “c₁” 1516, and a second summing node “Σ₃” 1518. Normalization gain element 1/a₁ 1512 amplifies integrated signal v[n] 826 by a gain of “1/a₁”, the inverse of gain a₁ of first integrator 812, to produce an amplified integrated signal “1/a₁v[n]” 1520. This normalizes integrated signal v[n] 826. Noise reduction gain element b₁ 1514 amplifies analog feedback signal fbk[n] 830 by a gain of “b₁”, to produce an amplified analog feedback signal “blfbk[n]” 1522. (When a modulator stage has more than one integrator, each with a gain “a₁”, often there is a relationship between gain b₁ and a ratio of the gain a₁ of the integrator immediately preceding the quantizer to the product of all gains a₁.) Second summing node Σ₃ 1518 subtracts amplified analog feedback signal b₁fbk[n] 1522 from amplified integrated signal 1/a₁v[n] 1520 to yield a difference signal “d[n]” 1524. This reduces the amplitude distribution of quantization noise n[n] that is embedded within difference signal d[n] 1524. Stability correction gain element c₁ 1516 amplifies difference signal d[n] 1524 by a gain of “c₁” to produce a second analog signal “x₂[n]” 1526. Thus, integrated signal v[n] 826 and analog feedback signal fbk[n] 830 are received by coupling stage 1504 and converted into second analog signal x₂[n] 1526, produced at a node “N₁” 1528.

[0051] In general, when coupling stage 1504 is preceded by a modulator stage with a single-bit quantizer, gain c₁ typically has a value between zero and one. Preferably, gain c₁ is set equal to a power of two. This simplifies the configuration of noise cancellation logic stage 1508. Always, gain c₁ is set so that the swing of an integrated signal (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by a second integrator 1530 of second modulator stage 1506 remains within the dynamic range of the operational amplifier used to implement second integrator 1530. Often there is an inverse relationship between gain c₁ and the product of gains a₁ of the integrators of the subsequent modulator stage.

[0052] Second modulator stage 1506 comprises a third summing node “Σ₄” 1532, second integrator 1530, a second single-bit quantizer 1534, and a second DAC 1536. Third summing node 4 1532, second integrator 1530, and second quantizer 1534 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. Second integrator 1532 has a gain of “a₅”. Gain a₅ is determined empirically and is set to a value such that second modulator stage 1506 functions with stability to process second analog signal x₂[n] 1526. Typically, gain a₅ has a value between zero and one. Second DAC 1536 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between a node “N₂” 1538 and third summing node 4 1532. Second quantizer 1534 and second DAC 1536 have a combined gain of “k₃”. For analysis purposes, k₃=1/a₅. Second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 is received by second modulator stage 1506, at node N₁ 1528, and converted into a second modulated signal “y₃[n]” 1540, produced at node N₂ 1538. Node N₁ 1528 is an input and node N₂ 1538 is an output of second modulator stage 1506.

[0053] Noise cancellation logic stage 1508 comprises a first delay element “D₁” 1542, a second delay element “D₂” 1544, a noise cancellation logic gain element “(b₁−1)” 1546, a stability normalization gain element “1/c₁” 1548, a fourth summing node “Σ₅” 1550, a fifth summing node “Σ₆” 1552, and a sixth summing node “Σ₇” 1554. First delay element D₁ 1542 receives first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510 and delays it by a processing period to produce a delayed modulated signal “del[n]” 1556. Noise cancellation logic gain element (b₁−1) 1546 receives delayed modulated signal del[n] 1556 and amplifies it by a gain of “(b₁−1)”, one less than gain b₁ of noise reduction gain element b₁ 1514, to produce an amplified delayed modulated signal “(b₁−1)del[n]” 1558. This facilitates noise cancellation. Stability normalization gain element 1/c₁ 1548 receives second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540 and amplifies it by a gain “1/c₁”, the inverse of gain c₁ of stability correction gain element c₁ 1516, to produce an amplified modulated signal “y₃[n]/c₁” 1560. This normalizes second modulated signal y3[n] 1540.

[0054] Fourth summing node 5 1550 receives amplified delayed modulated signal (b₁−1)del[n] 1558 and adds it to amplified modulated signal y₃[n]/c₁ 1560 to produce a sum modulated signal “sum[n]” 1562. Second delay element D₂ 1544 receives sum modulated signal sum[n] 1562 and delays it by the processing period to produce a delayed sum modulated signal “delsum[n]” 1564. Fifth summing node 16 1552 receives delayed sum modulated signal delsum[n] 1564 and subtracts it from sum modulated signal sum[n] 1562 to produce a difference modulated signal “diff[n]” 1566. Sixth summing node Σ₇ 1554 receives delayed modulated signal del[n] 1556 and adds it to difference modulated signal diff[n] 1566 to produce quantized signal y[n] 828. Thus, first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510 and second modulated signal y₃ [n] 1540 are received by noise cancellation logic stage 1508, respectively at nodes N₀ 806 and N₂ 1538, and converted into quantized signal y[n] 828, produced at a node “N₃” 1558. Nodes No 806 and N₂ 1538 are inputs and node N₃ 1558 is an output of noise cancellation logic stage 1508.

[0055] The topology of multistage delta sigma modulators can be referenced by the order of each modulator stage. For example, modulator 1500 can be referred to as a 1-1 delta sigma modulator. Likewise, a delta sigma modulator that has a second order first stage, a first order second stage, and a first order third stage can be referred to as a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator. Other multistage delta sigma modulators are similarly referenced by the order of each modulator stage.

[0056] Because the circuitry of a delta sigma ADC architecture includes both analog and digital components, the transfer functions of these components are often expressed in the discrete time “z” domain to account for the latency period between the time at which analog signal x[n] 102 is sampled and the time at which digital signal z[n] 104 is produced. Multistage delta sigma modulators, such as modulator 1500, particularly lend themselves to analysis in the discrete time domain.

[0057]FIG. 16 is a block diagram of second-order, two-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1500 recast as a discrete time domain model 1600. In model 1500, first integrator 812 is replaced by a first discrete time integrator 1602, and first single-bit quantizer 814 is replaced by a first gain element 1604 connected in series with a second summing node “Σ₈” 1606. (First summing node Σ₀ 810 remains a component of model 1600.) First discrete time integrator 1602 has gain a₁. First gain element 1604 has gain k₁. First DAC 816 is replaced by a first parallel connection “L₁” 1608 between node N₀ 806 and first summing node Σ₀ 810. Likewise, second integrator 1532 is replaced by a second discrete time integrator 1610, and second single-bit quantizer 1534 is replaced by a second gain element 1612 connected in series with a fourth summing node “Σ₉” 1614. (Third summing node Σ₄ 1532 remains a component of model 1600.) Second discrete time integrator 1610 has gain a₅. Second gain element 1612 has gain k₃. Second DAC 1536 is replaced by a second parallel connection “L₂” 1616 between node N₂ 1538 and third summing node Σ₄ 1530. Each of first and second discrete time integrators 1602, 1610 has a transfer function of “z⁻¹/(1−z⁻¹)”. Coupling stage 1504 remains a component of model 1600. Noise cancellation logic gain element (b₁−1) 1546, stability normalization gain element 1/c₁ 1548, summing node Σ₅ 1550, and summing node 7 1554 remain components of model 1600. First delay element D₁ 1542 is replace by a digital delay element 1618. Digital delay element 1618 has a transfer function of “z⁻¹”. Second delay element D₂ 1544 and summing node Σ₆ 1552 are replaced by a digital differentiator 1620. Digital differentiator 1620 has a transfer function of “(1−z⁻¹)”.

[0058] In model 1600, a first quantization noise “n,[n]” 1622 is added at second summing node Σ₈ 1606, and a second quantization noise “n₂[n]” 1624 is added at fourth summing node Σ₉ 1614.

[0059] Recalling that gain a₁ is set equal to the inverse of gain k₁, first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510 can be expressed as a function of analog signal x[n] 102, transfer function, z⁻¹/(1−z⁻¹), of first discrete time integrator 1602, gain a₁ of first discrete time integrator 1602, gain k₁ of first gain element 1604, and first quantization noise n₁[n] 1622 as shown in Eq. (6):

y₂[n]=x[n]z⁻¹+n₁[n](1−z⁻¹).   Eq. (6)

[0060] Second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 can be expressed as a function of first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510, first quantization noise n₁[n] 1622, normalization gain element 1/a₁ 1512, noise cancellation setup gain element b₁ 1514, and stability correction gain element c₁ 1516 as shown in Eq. (7):

x₂[n]=c₁(1−b₁)y₂[n]−c₁n₁[n]  Eq. (7)

[0061] Recalling that a₅ is set equal to the inverse of k₃, second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540 can be expressed as a function of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526, transfer function, z⁻¹/(1−z⁻¹), of second discrete time integrator 1610, gain a₅ of second discrete time integrator 1610, gain k₃ of second gain element 1612, and second quantization noise n₂[n] 1624 as shown in Eq. (8):

y₃[n]=x₂[n]z⁻¹+n₂[n](1−z⁻¹).   Eq. (8)

[0062] Using Eq. (7), Eq. (8) can be simplified as shown in Eq. (9):

y₃[n]=c₁(1−b₁)y₂[n]z⁻¹−c₁n₁[n]z⁻¹+n₂[n](1−z⁻¹).   Eq. (9)

[0063] Quantized signal y[n] 828 can be expressed as a function of first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510, second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540, transfer function, z¹, of digital delay element 1618, transfer function, 1−z⁻¹, of digital differentiator 1620, noise cancellation logic gain element (b₁−1) 1546, and stability normalization gain element 1/c₁ 1548 as shown in Eq. (10):

y[n]=y₂[n]z⁻¹+[(b₁−1)y₂[n]z⁻¹+y₃[n]/c₁][1−z⁻¹].   Eq. (10)

[0064] Using Eq. (9), Eq. (10) can be simplified as shown in Eq. (11):

y[n]=y₂[n]z⁻¹−n₁[n]z⁻¹(1−z⁻¹)+n₂[n]/c₁(1−z⁻¹)².   Eq. (11)

[0065] Using Eq. (6), Eq. (11) can be simplified as shown in Eq. (12):

y[n]=x[n]z⁻²+n₂[n]/c₁(1−z⁻¹)².   Eq. (12)

[0066] Eq. (12) shows that modulator 1500 acts to shape the quantization noise n[n] that is embedded within quantized signal y[n] 828. First quantization noise n₁[n] 1622 from first modulator stage 1502 is canceled and second quantization noise n₂[n] 1624 from second modulator stage 1506 is desirably reduced to a second order effect. However, because gain c₁ of stability correction gain element c₁ 1516 typically has a value between zero and one, modulator 1500 also undesirably amplifies second quantization noise n₂[n] 1624.

[0067] A similar analysis can be used to assess other multistage delta sigma modulators. Delta sigma ADCs that incorporate multiple stages of low order modulators can provide a stable means for realizing the noise-shaping capabilities of high order, single-stage modulators. However, empirical studies have shown that multistage topologies have a more pronounced degree of sensitivity for nonidealities within their functional components.

[0068] More complex delta sigma modulator topologies can be designed by combining and/or expanding upon the principles explained above with regards to modulators 802, 1200, 1400, and 1500. For a given application, a more complex topology would enable a designer to optimize desirable features while minimizing undesirable ones.

[0069] A systematic study of delta sigma modulator topologies is presented in Marques, A. et al., IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 45:1232-1241 (September 1998), which is incorporated herein by reference. Marques et al. examines the relationships among the gain scaling coefficients of integrators (i.e., a₁, a₂, etc.) and coupling stages gain elements (i.e., b₁, c₁, etc.) of various multistage delta sigma modulator topologies to determine what values should be assigned to each of these gain scaling coefficients to maximize the DRs. Marques et al. teaches specific values for each of these gain scaling coefficients. An unfortunate consequence of the specific values taught by Marques et al. is that they cause the quantization errors e[n] embedded within quantized signals y[n] 828 to be amplified. This limits the SNRs of the topologies. What are needed are gain scaling coefficients that can increase the SNRs of the various multistage delta sigma modulator topologies without reducing their DRs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0070] The present invention relates to gain scaling of multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulators for higher signal-to-noise ratios. In a multistage delta sigma modulator having a modulator stage with an integrator, a multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit DAC, the multi-bit quantizer is companded to cause a feedback signal produced by the multi-bit DAC to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by the multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one. A second gain, of the integrator, is reduced so that an overall gain of the modulator stage remains equal to one. A third gain, of a stability correction gain element connected to an input of the modulator stage, is increased so that a swing of the integrated signal produced by the integrator remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement the integrator, and the multistage delta sigma modulator can realize the higher SNR. Preferably, but not by way of limitation, the third gain is set equal to a power of two as this enables a noise cancellation logic stage of the delta sigma modulator to have a traditional configuration.

[0071] In an embodiment, a multistage delta sigma modulator comprises a first modulator stage having an input capable of receiving an analog signal, a coupling stage connected to the first modulator stage, a second modulator stage connected to the coupling stage, and a noise cancellation logic stage having an output and connected to the first modulator stage and the second modulator stage.

[0072] Preferably, the first modulator stage has a single-bit quantizer. Optionally, the first modulator stage has more than one integrator. Alternatively, more than one modulator stage and more than one coupling stage can precede the second modulator stage.

[0073] The coupling stage has a stability correction gain element. The second modulator stage has one or more integrators, a companded multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit DAC. The companded multi-bit quantizer is capable of causing a feedback analog signal, produced by the multi-bit DAC, to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by the companded multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one. Each integrator has a second gain set so that an overall gain of the second modulator stage is equal to one. The stability correction gain element has a third gain set to a value capable of ensuring that a swing of the integrated signal remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement the integrator.

[0074] By setting the third gain to the highest value within this constraint, the multistage delta sigma modulator can realize its highest SNR. However, the value must also be selected so that a quantized signal produced by the second modulator stage can be processed by the noise cancellation logic stage. Preferably, the third gain is set equal to a power of two.

[0075] In another embodiment, a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator comprises an input capable of receiving an analog signal, a single-bit first modulator stage connected to the input, a first coupling stage connected to the first modulator stage, a single-bit second modulator stage connected to the first coupling stage, a second coupling stage connected to the second modulator stage, a third companded two-bit modulator stage connected to the second coupling stage, and a noise cancellation logic stage having an output and connected to the first modulator stage, the second modulator stage, and the third modulator stage.

[0076] The second coupling stage has a stability correction gain element with a first gain set equal to one. The third modulator stage has an integrator, a companded two-bit quantizer, and a two-bit DAC. The integrator has a second gain set equal to “a”. The companded two-bit quantizer and the two-bit DAC have a combined gain set equal to 1/a.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0077] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.

[0078]FIG. 1 shows a process for converting an analog signal “x[n]” 102 to a digital signal “z[n]” 104 using an exemplary ADC 106.

[0079]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of ADC 106.

[0080]FIG. 3 illustrates the process within quantization functional component 204.

[0081]FIG. 4 is a graph 400 of bias-free values of digital signal z[n] 104 as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102.

[0082]FIG. 5 is a graph 500 of a probability density “P(p)” 502 of a subrange of digital signal z[n] 104 as a function of the parameter “p” 504 of analog signal x[n] 102.

[0083]FIG. 6 is a graph 600 of probability density P(p) 502 in the frequency domain.

[0084]FIG. 7 is a graph 700 that shows the tradeoff between bandwidth and degree of resolution for the various ADC architectures.

[0085]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a first-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma ADC 800.

[0086]FIG. 9 is a graph 900 of bias-free values of quantized signal y[n] 828, produced by single-bit quantizer 814, as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102.

[0087]FIG. 10 is a block diagram of first-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 802 recast as a frequency domain model 1000 for a continuous time implementation.

[0088]FIG. 11 is a graph 1100 of the “SNR” 1102 as a function of a range “r” 1104 of the swing of analog signal x[n] 102.

[0089]FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a first-order, single-stage, two-bit delta sigma modulator 1200.

[0090]FIG. 13 is a graph 1300 of bias-free values of two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206, produced by two-bit quantizer 1202, as a function of bias-free values of analog signal x[n] 102.

[0091]FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a second-order, single-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1400.

[0092]FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a second-order, two-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1500.

[0093]FIG. 16 is a block diagram of second-order, two-stage, single-bit delta sigma modulator 1500 recast as a discrete time domain model 1600.

[0094]FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a second-order, two-stage, two-bit delta sigma modulator 1700 that can embody the present invention.

[0095]FIG. 18 is a graph 1800 of bias-free values of second two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704, produced by a companded two-bit quantizer, as a function of bias-free values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526.

[0096]FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a 2-1-1 two-bit delta sigma modulator 1900 that embodies the present invention.

[0097]FIG. 20A is a graph 2000 of histograms for integrated signals (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by the integrators of a model of a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator having two-bit quantizer 1202.

[0098]FIG. 20B is a graph 2050 of histograms for integrated signals (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by the integrators of a model of a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator having companded two-bit quantizer 1940.

[0099]FIG. 21 shows a flow chart of a method 2100 of gain scaling components of a multistage delta sigma modulator having a modulator stage with a multi-bit to realize a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

[0100] The preferred embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Also in the figures, the left-most digit(s) of each reference number identify the figure in which the reference number is first used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0101] The present invention relates to gain scaling of multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulators for higher signal-to-noise ratios. FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a second-order, two-stage, two-bit delta sigma modulator 1700 that can embody the present invention. Modulator 1700 comprises first modulator stage 1502, coupling stage 1504, a second modulator stage 1702, and noise cancellation logic stage 1508. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by modulator 1700, at input 822, and converted into two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206, produced at node N₃ 1558. Input 822 is an input and node N₃ 1558 is an output of modulator 1700.

[0102] Second modulator stage 1702 comprises third summing node 4 1530, second integrator 1532, two-bit quantizer 1202, and two-bit DAC 1204. Third summing node 1 1530, second integrator 1532, and two-bit quantizer 1202 are connected, respectively, in series along signal path 808. Second integrator 1532 has a gain of “a₆”. Gain a₆ is determined empirically and is set to a value such that second modulator stage 1702 functions with stability to process second analog signal x₂[n] 1526. Typically, gain a₆ has a value between zero and one. Two-bit DAC 1204 is connected in parallel with signal path 808 between node N₂ 1538 and third summing node 4 1530. Two-bit quantizer 1202 and a two-bit DAC 1204 have a combined gain of “k₄”. Second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 is received by second modulator stage 1702, at node N₁ 1528, and converted into a two-bit modulated signal “y₄[n]” 1704, produced at node N₂ 1538. Node N, 1528 is an input and node N₂ 1538 is an output of second modulator stage 1702.

[0103] Similar to the expression shown in Eq. (12) for quantized signal y[n] 828 produced by modulator 1500, two-bit quantized signal y,[n] 1206 produced by modulator 1700 can be expressed as shown in Eq. 13):

y₁[n] =x[n]z²+n₂[n]/c₁(1−z⁻¹)².   Eq. (13)

[0104] However, unlike second single-bit quantizer 1534 of second modulator stage 1506, which divides second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 into two subranges, two-bit quantizer 1202 divides second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 into four subranges as shown at graph 1300. Because two-bit quantizer 1202 produces quantized values that are in between LOWER 902 and HIGHER 904, combined gain k₄ can be determined as a function of the slope of dashed line 1306.

[0105] Traditionally, for analysis purposes, combined gain k₄ is assumed to be equal to the inverse of gain a₆ so that second quantization noise n₂[n] 1624 can be modeled as white noise and an overall gain of modulator 1700 can be set equal to one. However, rather than assigning an assumed value to combined gain k₄ for analysis purposes, the present invention exploits the idea that, for modulator stage 1702, combined gain k₄ can be determined. Because combined gain k₄ can be determined, it can be set to a desirable value by companding two-bit quantizer 1202.

[0106]FIG. 18 is a graph 1800 of bias-free values of second two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704, produced by a companded two-bit quantizer, as a function of bias-free values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526. As with two-bit quantizer 1202, the companded two-bit quantizer divides second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 into four subranges. Likewise, by using LOWER 902 and HIGHER 904, the companded two-bit quantizer only needs to divide second two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704 into three subranges. Therefore, as with two-bit quantizer 1202, the companded two-bit quantizer defines third value HIGHER/3 1302 at the point one-third of the range from HIGHER 904 to LOWER 902, and fourth value LOWER/3 1304 at the point one-third of the range from LOWER 902 to HIGHER 904.

[0107] However, to set combined gain k₄ to a desirable value, the companded two-bit quantizer defines subranges for second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 different from those defined by two-bit quantizer 1202. With second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 centered at a point measuring one-half of the range between LOW 108 and HIGH 110 (e.g., point Q2 308 from the example above), the companded two-bit quantizer defines defines a subrange “I” 1802 that extends from LOW 108 to a point “LOW/3” 1804 located one-third of the range from Q2 308 to LOW 108. A subrange “J” 1806 extends from LOW/3 1804 to Q2 308. A subrange “K” 1808 extends from Q2 308 to a point “HIGH/3” 1810 located one-third of the range from Q2 308 to HIGH 110. A subrange “L” 1812 extends from HIGH/3 1810 to HIGH 110.

[0108] The companded two-bit quantizer assigns LOWER 902 to those values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 that are between LOW 108 and LOW/3 1804, LOWER/3 1304 to those values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 that are between LOW/3 1804 and Q2 308, HIGHER/3 1302 to those values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 that are between Q2 308 and HIGH/3 1810, and HIGHER 904 to those values of second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 that are between HIGH/3 1810 and HIGH 110.

[0109] In comparison with dashed line 1306 at graph 1300, the slope of a dashed line 1814 at graph 1800 is twice as steep. Therefore, if two-bit quantizer 1202 of modulator 1700 is replaced by the companded two-bit quantizer characterized at graph 1800, then combined gain k₄ will be doubled. This requires gain a₆ to be halved so that the overall gain of modulator 1700 remains equal to one. Recalling that gain c₁ of stability correction gain element 1516 was originally set so that the swing of an integrated signal (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by second integrator 1530 remained within the dynamic range of the operational amplifier used to implement second integrator 1530, reducing gain a₆ allows gain c₁ to be increased to the extent that the swing of the integrated signal produced by second integrator 1530 continues to remain within the dynamic range of the operational amplifier used to implement second integrator 1530. Via Eq. (13), an increase in gain c₁ decreases the quantization noise n[n] that is embedded within two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206. Thus, modulator 1700 realizes a higher SNR without a reduction to its DR.

[0110] The skilled artisan will appreciate that any multi-bit quantizer can be companded in the manner of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the companded two-bit quantizer characterized at graph 1800. Likewise, the present invention is not limited to the specific companding relationship shown at graph 1800. The present invention can employ other companding relationships to establish other desired values for combined gain k₄. Preferably, but not by way of limitation, gain c₁ is set equal to a power of two. Having gain c₁ is set equal to a power of two enables noise cancellation logic stage 1508 to remain as configured. The present invention extends to all multistage, multi-bit delta sigma modulator topologies in which a modulator stage having a companded multi-bit quantizer is preceded by another modulator stage. These other topologies can employ noise cancellation logic stages configured in a manner different from that of noise cancellation logic stage 1508. For these other topologies, the gain of a stability correction gain element, of a coupling stage that precedes a modulator stage having a companded multi-bit quantizer, is set not only to ensure that the swing of an analog signal, received by integrators of the modulator stage, remains within the dynamic ranges of the operational amplifiers used to implement the integrators, but also to simplify the implementation of the noise cancellation logic stage.

[0111]FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a 2-1-1 two-bit delta sigma modulator 1900 that embodies the present invention. Modulator 1900 comprises a first modulator stage 1902, a first coupling stage 1904, a second modulator stage 1906, a second coupling stage 1908, a third modulator stage 1910, and a noise cancellation logic stage 1912.

[0112] First modulator stage 1902 comprises first summing node Σ₀ 810, first integrator 812, second summing node Σ₂ 1402, second integrator 1404, first single-bit quantizer 814, first DAC 816, and higher order compensation gain element 2 a ₃ 1406. These are configured in the same manner as modulator 1400. First integrator 812 has gain a₃. Second integrator 1404 has gain a₄. Higher order compensation gain element 2 a ₃ 1406 has gain 2 a ₃. Analog signal x[n] 102 is received by first modulator stage 1902, at input 822, and converted into first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510, produced at node N₀ 806.

[0113] First coupling stage 1904 comprises a first normalization gain element “1 a ₃ a ₄” 1914, first noise reduction gain element b₁ 1514, first stability correction gain element c₁ 1516, and third summing node Σ₃ 1518. These are configured in the same manner as coupling stage 1504. First normalization gain element 1/a₃a₄ has a gain of “1/a₃a₄”, the inverse of the product of gain a₃ of first integrator 812 and gain a₄ of second integrator 1404. First noise reduction gain element b₁ 1514 has gain b₁. First stability correction gain element c₁ 1516 has gain c₁. First coupling stage 1904 produces second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 at node N₀ 1528.

[0114] Second modulator stage 1906 comprises a fourth summing node “Σ₁₀” 1916, a third integrator 1918, a second single-bit quantizer 1920, and a second DAC 1922. These are configured in the same manner as modulator 802. Third integrator 1918 has a gain of “a₇”. Second analog signal x₂[n] 1526 is received by second modulator stage 1906, at node N₀ 1528, and converted into second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540, produced at node N₂ 1538.

[0115] Second coupling stage 1908 comprises a second normalization gain element “1/a₇” 1924, a second noise reduction gain element “b₂” 1926, a second stability correction gain element “c₂” 1928, and a fifth summing node “Σ₁₁” 1930.

[0116] These are configured in the same manner as coupling stage 1504. Second normalization gain element 1/a₇ has a gain of “1/a₇”, the inverse of gain a₇ of third integrator 1918. Second noise reduction gain element b₂ 1926 has a gain of “b₃”. Second stability correction gain element C₂ 1928 has a gain of 1. Second coupling stage 1908 produces a third analog signal “x₃[n]” 1932 at a node “N₄” 1934.

[0117] Third modulator stage 1910 comprises a sixth summing node “Σ₁₂” 1936, a fourth integrator 1938, a companded two-bit quantizer 1940, and two-bit DAC 1204. These are configured in the same manner as modulator 1200. Fourth integrator 1938 has a gain of “a₈”. Companded two-bit quantizer 1940 and two-bit DAC 1204 have a combined gain k₄ of “1/a₈”, the inverse of gain a₈ of fourth integrator 1938. Third analog signal x₃[n] 1932 is received by third modulator stage 1910, at node N₄ 1934, and converted into two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704, produced at a node “N₅” 1942.

[0118] Noise cancellation logic stage 1912 comprises first delay element D₁ 1542, second delay element D₂ 1544, a third delay element “D₃” 1944, a fourth delay element “D₄” 1946, a fifth delay element “D₅” 1948, a sixth delay element “D₆” 1950, first noise cancellation logic gain element (b₁−1) 1546, a second noise cancellation logic gain element “(b₂−1)” 1952, first stability normalization gain element 1/c₁ 1548, a second stability normalization gain element “1/c₂” 1954, a third stability normalization gain element “l/c a” 1956, seventh summing node Σ₅ 1550, eighth summing node y₆ 1552, ninth summing node “Σ₇” 1554, a tenth summing node “Σ₁₃” 1958, an eleventh summing node “Σ₁₄” 1960, and a twelfth summing node “Σ₁₅” 1962.

[0119] First delay element D₁ 1542, second delay element D₂ 1544, first noise cancellation logic gain element (b₁−1) 1546, first stability normalization gain element 1/c₁ 1548, seventh summing node Σ₅ 1550, eighth summing node 6 1552, and ninth summing node Σ₇ 1554 are configured in the same manner as noise cancellation logic stage 1508 with one exception.

[0120] The exception is that third delay element D₃ 1944 is connected between eighth summing node Σ₆ ₁ 552 and ninth summing node Σ₇ 1554. This is because first modulator stage 1902 is a second order modulator. Third delay element D₃ 1944 receives difference modulated signal diff[n] 1566 and delays it by the processing period to produce a delayed difference modulated signal “deldiff[n]” 1964. Ninth summing node Σ₇ 1554 receives delayed difference modulated signal deldiff[n] 1964 and subtracts it from sum modulated signal sum[n] 1562 to produce a second difference modulated signal “diff₂[n]” 1966. Second difference modulated signal diff₂[n] 1966 relates to noise cancellation between first and second modulator stages 1902, 1906.

[0121] Fourth delay element D₄ 1946, second noise cancellation logic gain element (b₂−1) 1952, second stability normalization gain element 1/c₂ 1954, and tenth summing node Y3 1958 are used for noise cancellation between second and third modulator stages 1906, 1910. Fourth delay element D₄ 1946 receives second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540 and delays it by the processing period to produce a second delayed modulated signal “del₂[n]” 1968. Second noise cancellation logic gain element (b₂−1) 1952 receives second delayed modulated signal del₂[n] 1968 and amplifies it by a gain of “(b₂−1)”, one less than gain b₂ of second noise reduction gain element b₂ 1926, to produce a second amplified delayed modulated signal “(b, - I)del₂[n]” v 1970. This facilitates noise cancellation. Second stability normalization gain element 1/C₂ 1954 receives two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704 and amplifies it by a gain “1/c₂”, the inverse of gain c₂ of second stability correction gain element c₂ 1928, to produce an amplified two-bit modulated signal “y₄[n]/c₂” 1972. This normalizes two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704. Tenth summing node x₁₃ 1958 receives amplified two-bit modulated signal y₄[n]/c₂ 1972 and adds it to second amplified delayed modulated signal (b₁−1)del₂[n] 1970 to produce a second sum modulated signal “sum₂[n]” 1974. Second sum modulated signal sum₂[n] 1974 relates to noise cancellation between second and third modulator stages 1906, 1910.

[0122] Fifth delay element D₅ 1948, sixth delay element D₆ 1950, third stability normalization gain element 1/c_(1a) 1956, eleventh summing node Σ₁₄ 1960, and twelfth summing node Σ₁₄ 1962 are used for noise cancellation between second difference modulated signal diff₂[n] 1966 and second sum modulated signal sum₂[n] 1974. Third stability normalization gain element 1/c_(1a) 1956 receives second sum modulated signal sum₂[n] 1974 and amplifies it by gain 1/c₁, the inverse of gain c₁ of first stability correction gain element c₁ 1516, to produce an amplified sum signal “ampsum₂[n]” 1976. Fifth delay element D₅ 1948 receives amplified sum signal ampsum₂[n] 1976 and delays it by the processing period to produce a delayed amplified sum signal “delampsum₂[n]” 1978. Eleventh summing node Σ₁₄ 1960 receives delayed amplified sum signal delampsum₂[n] 1978 and subtracts it from amplified sum signal ampsum₂[n] 1976 to produce a third difference modulated signal “diff₃[n]” 1980. Sixth delay element D₆ 1950 receives second difference modulated signal diff₂[n] 1966 and delays it by the processing period to produce a third delayed modulated signal “del₃[n]” 1982. Twelfth summing node Σ₁₄ 1962 receives third delayed modulated signal del₃[n] 1982 and adds it to third difference modulated signal diff₃[n] 1980 to produce two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206.

[0123] Thus, first modulated signal y₂[n] 1510, second modulated signal y₃[n] 1540, and two-bit modulated signal y₄[n] 1704 are received by noise cancellation logic stage 1912, respectively at nodes N₀ 806. N₂ 1538, and N₅ 1942, and converted into two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206, produced at node N₃ 1558. Similar to the expression shown in Eq. (13) for two-bit quantized signal y₁[n] 1206 produced by modulator 1700, two-bit quantized signal y₁ [n] 1206 produced by modulator 1900 can be expressed as shown in Eq. (14):

y₁[n] =x[n]z⁻³+n₃[n]/c₁C₂(1−z⁻¹)⁴  Eq. (14)

[0124] where “n₃[n]” is a third quantization noise produced by third modulator stage 1910.

[0125]FIG. 20A is a graph 2000 of histograms for integrated signals (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by the integrators of a model of a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator having two-bit quantizer 1202. Graph 2000 comprises a “number of samples” axis 2002 and a “bias-free integrated signal voltage” axis 2004. Bias-free integrated signal voltage axis 2004 is centered at a value measuring one-half of the range of the integrated signal voltages. The model from which graph 2000 is derived assumed a three volt power supply range. The model set gain c₂ of second stability correction gain element c₂ 1928 equal to one, gain a₈ of fourth integrator 1938 equal to one, and combined gain k₄ of two-bit quantizer 1202 and two-bit DAC 1204 equal to one. Graph 2000 further comprises a histogram “M” 2006 for samples of an integrated signal produced by first integrator 812 of first modulator stage 1902, a histogram “N” 2008 for samples of an integrated signal produced by second integrator 1404 of first modulator stage 1902, a histogram “O” for samples of an integrated signal produced by third integrator 1918 of second modulator stage 1906, and a histogram “P” 2012 for samples of an integrated signal produced by fourth integrator 1938 of third modulator stage 1910.

[0126] As the integrators in the model would be implemented using operational amplifiers, some of the three volt power supply range would be consumed to support holding active load devices and current sources of these operational amplifiers in saturation. The swing of integrated signals produced by these integrators must be limited to the dynamic range of the operational amplifiers, which must be less than three volts. Unfortunately, histogram P 2012 shows that the swing of the bias-free integrated signal produced by fourth integrator 1938 ranges from −1.5 volts to +1.5 volts, and therefore exceeds the dynamic range of the operational amplifier that implements fourth integrator 1938.

[0127]FIG. 20B is a graph 2050 of histograms for integrated signals (e.g., v[n] 826) produced by the integrators of a model of a 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator having companded two-bit quantizer 1940. Graph 2050 likewise comprises number of samples axis 2002 and bias-free integrated signal voltage axis 2004. Bias-free integrated signal voltage axis 2004 is centered at a value measuring one-half of the range of the integrated signal voltages. The model from which graph 2050 is derived assumed a three volt power supply range. The model set gain c₂ of second stability correction gain element c₂ 1928 equal to one, gain a₈ of fourth integrator 1938 equal to one-half, and combined gain k₄ of companded two-bit quantizer 1940 and two-bit DAC 1204 equal to two. Graph 2050 further comprises a histogram “R” 2052 for samples of an integrated signal produced by integrator 812 of first modulator stage 1902, a histogram “S” 2054 for samples of an integrated signal produced by integrator 1404 of first modulator stage 1902, a histogram “T” 2056 for samples of an integrated signal produced by integrator 1918 of second modulator stage 1906, and a histogram “U” 2058 for samples of an integrated signal produced by integrator 1938 of third modulator stage 1910. The histograms of graph 2050 show swings of bias-free integrated signals that range from −0.75 volts to +0.75 volts. These swings are within the expected dynamic ranges of the operational amplifiers that would be used to implement the integrators.

[0128]FIG. 21 shows a flow chart of a method 2100 of gain scaling components of a multistage delta sigma modulator, having a modulator stage with an integrator, a multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit DAC, to realize a higher SNR. At a step 2102, the multi-bit quantizer is companded to cause a feedback signal, produced by the multi-bit DAC, to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by the multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one. At a step 2104, a second gain, of the integrator, is reduced so that an overall gain of the modulator stage remains equal to one. At a step 2106, a third gain, of a stability correction gain element connected to an input of the modulator stage, is increased so that the swing of the integrated signal remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement the integrator, and the multistage delta sigma modulator can realize the higher SNR. Preferably, but not by way of limitation, the third gain is set equal to a power of two.

Conclusion

[0129] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A multistage delta sigma modulator, comprising: a first modulator stage having an input capable of receiving an analog signal; a coupling stage connected to said first modulator stage, and having a stability correction gain element; a second modulator stage connected to said coupling stage, and having an integrator, a companded multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit digital-to-analog convertor; and a noise cancellation logic stage connected to said first modulator stage and said second modulator stage, and having an output; wherein: said companded multi-bit quantizer is capable of causing a feedback analog signal, produced by said multi-bit digital-to-analog convertor, to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by said companded multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one; said integrator has a second gain set so that an overall gain of said second modulator stage is equal to one; and said stability correction gain element has a third gain set to a value capable of ensuring that a swing of said integrated signal remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement said integrator.
 2. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 1, wherein said value is a highest value.
 3. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 1, wherein said value is set to simplify implementation of said noise cancellation logic stage.
 4. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 3, wherein said value is a power of two.
 5. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 1, wherein said integrator comprises a plurality of integrators and said second gain comprises a plurality of second gains.
 6. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 1, wherein said first modulator stage comprises a plurality of first modulator stages, and wherein said coupling stage comprises a plurality of coupling stages.
 7. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 1, wherein said first modulator stage has a single-bit quantizer.
 8. The multistage delta sigma modulator of claim 7, wherein said first modulator stage has a plurality of integrators.
 9. A 2-1-1 delta sigma modulator, comprising: an input capable of receiving an analog signal; a first modulator stage connected to said input, and having a single-bit quantizer; a first coupling stage connected to said first modulator stage; a second modulator stage connected to said first coupling stages and having single-bit quantizer; a second coupling stage connected to said second modulator stage, and having a stability correction gain element with a first gain set equal to 1; a third modulator stage connected to said second coupling stage, and having an integrator with a second gain set equal to “a”, and a companded two-bit quantizer and a two-bit digital-to-analog converter with a combined gain set equal to 1/a; and a noise cancellation logic stage connected to said first modulator stage, said second modulator stage, and said third modulator stage, and having an output.
 10. In a multistage delta sigma modulator having a modulator stage with an integrator, a multi-bit quantizer, and a multi-bit digital-to-analog converter, a method of gain scaling components of the multistage delta sigma modulator to realize a higher signal-to-noise ratio, comprising the steps of: (1) companding the multi-bit quantizer to cause a feedback signal, produced by the multi-bit digital-to-analog converter, to have a first gain, with respect to an integrated signal received by the multi-bit quantizer, set greater than one; (2) reducing a second gain, of the integrator, so that an overall gain of the modulator stage remains equal to one; and (3) increasing a third gain, of a stability correction gain element connected to an input of the modulator stage, so that a swing of the integrated signal remains within a dynamic range of an operational amplifier used to implement the integrator, and the multistage delta sigma modulator can realize the higher signal-to-noise ratio.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the third gain is set equal to a power of two. 